What are inclusion bodies?

answers1: Inclusion bodies are nuclear or cytoplasmic aggregates of
stainable substances, usually proteins. They typically represent sites
of viral multiplication in a bacterium or a eukaryotic cell and
usually consist of viral capsid proteins.
answers2: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion_bodies <br>
<br>
Inclusion bodies are nuclear or cytoplasmic aggregates of stainable
substances, usually proteins. They typically represent sites of viral
multiplication in a bacterium or a eukaryotic cell and usually consist
of viral capsid proteins. <br>
<br>
Protein inclusion bodies are classically thought to contain misfolded
protein. However, this has recently been contested, as green
fluorescent protein will sometimes fluoresce in inclusion bodies,
which indicates some semblance of the native structure and researchers
have recovered folded protein from inclusion bodies.[1] [2] [3] <br>
<br>
Mechanism of formation <br>
<br>
When genes from one organism are expressed in another the resulting
protein sometimes forms inclusion bodies. This is often true when
large evolutionary distances are crossed: a cDNA isolated from Eukarya
for example, and expressed as a recombinant gene in a prokaryote risks
the formation of the inactive aggregates of protein known as inclusion
bodies. While the cDNA may properly code for a translatable mRNA, the
protein that results will emerge in a foreign microenvironment. This
often has fatal effects, especially if the intent of cloning is to
produce a biologically active protein. For example, eukaryotic systems
for carbohydrate modification and membrane transport are not found in
prokaryotes. The internal microenvironment of a prokaryotic cell (pH,
osmolarity) may differ from that of the original source of the gene.
Mechanisms for folding a protein may also be absent, and hydrophobic
residues that normally would remain buried may be exposed and
available for interaction with similar exposed sites on other ectopic
proteins. Processing systems for the cleavage and removal of internal
peptides would also be absent in bacteria. The initial attempts to
clone insulin in a bacterium suffered all of these deficits. In
addition, the fine controls that may keep the concentration of a
protein low will also be missing in a prokaryotic cell, and
overexpression can result in filling a cell with ectopic protein that,
even if it were properly folded, would precipitate by saturating its
environment. <br>
<br>
Viral inclusion bodies <br>
<br>
Examples of viral inclusion bodies include Negri bodies (which are
intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies of Rabies virus in neurons) and
Cowdry bodies (which are intranuclear inclusion bodies seen in Herpes
Simplex Virus and Varicella-Zoster virus infection). <br>
<br>
Inclusion bodies in Erythrocytes <br>
<br>
Normally a red blood cell does not contain inclusions in the
cytoplasm. However, it may be seen because of certain hematologic
disorders. <br>
<br>
There are three kinds of erythrocyte inclusions: <br>
<br>
1. Developmental Organelles <br>
1. Howell-Jolly bodies: small, round fragments of the nucleus
resulting from karyorrhexis or nuclear disintegration of the late
reticulocyte and stain reddish-blue with Wright stain. <br>
2. Basophilic stipplings - this stipplings is either fine or
coarse, deep blue to purple staining inclusion that appears in
erythrocytes on a dried Wright stain. <br>
3. Pappenheimer bodies - are siderotic granules which are
small, irregular, dark-staining granules that appear near the
periphery of a young erythrocyte in a Wright stain. <br>
4. Polychromatophilic red cells - young red cells that no
longer have nucleus but still contain some RNA. <br>
5. Cabot Rings - ring-like structure and may appear in
erythrocytes in megaloblastic anemia or in severe anemias, lead
poisoning, and in dyserythropoiesis, in which erythrocytes are
destroyed before being released from the bone marrow. <br>
2. Abnormal Hemoglobin Precipitation <br>
1. Heinz bodies - round bodies, refractile inclusions not
visible on a Wright stain film. It is best identified by supravital
staining with basic dyes. <br>
2. Hemoglobin H Inclusions - alpha thalassemia, greenish-blue
inclusion bodies appear in many erythrocytes after four drops of blood
is incubated with 0.5mL of Brilliant cresyl blue for 20 minutes at
37°C. <br>
3. Protozoan Inclusion <br>
1. Malaria <br>
2. Babesia
answers3: idk
answers4: boobies ****=) ====D---